A Hand Plane are a very simple tool that holds a blade at a fixed angle. Woods respond differently to the planning angle and the angle at which the blade is beveled.
Typically speaking, soft woods are cut best by low planing angles (37-45 degrees) and low blade bevel angles (23-25 degrees). Hardwoods are cut best by higher planing angles (45-60 degrees) and higher blade bevel angles (30-35 degrees).
The reason for this difference is twofold. Low bevels produce a sharper but more fragile cutting edge. Higher bevels produce a blunter, but more durable cutting edge. A low bevel angle will slice softwood for a long time, but will rapidly chip when used on hardwood.
High planing angles have the effect of scraping the surface of the wood, while low planning angles have a slicing effect. Soft woods tend to be crushed by the scraping effect, while hardwoods are more resilient and can produce a smooth finish when scraped by a high planning angle.
(NCTM Standard: Geometry)
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